Questions
about the institutional causes of the difference in technological performance
of nations remained on periphery of the field of this research change (Taylor[LUM1] ,
2004, p. 603[1]). Comparative
and international political and economic behavior of the country (Taylor, 2004, p. 603[2]) and,
the economics of technical change are used to explain “why and how some countries
use more markets than others.“ It is believed that national institutions affect
companies and other economic entities coordinate their socioeconomic
activities.
The
main research question is how typology of executive power affects the national
level of innovative activity. The problem underlying this research issue by
analyzing the relationship between the types of executive and technological and
socio-cultural and economic performance in different countries nations has two
objectives. The first shows that different structures of technological
innovations of nations can also affect the different structures of the
executive. The second is to show that some typologies of the executive can be
oriented towards leadership, maintain political stability and support the
innovative activity of the people.
Of
all the factors that must be taken into account in the adoption of new
technologies in the automotive industry, cultural value probably the most
difficult to isolate, define and measure. The theory of planned behavior (TPB)
see the
connection with the adoption of new technologies, products and innovation as
part of VBNT[3] (Ajzen, 1991 [4]; Thatcher et al., 2003; Galliers, Madon, and
Rashid, 1998[5]; Garfield and Watson, 1998[6]). The theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1991)
and model
theory acceptance technology (Davis, 1989; Davis et al. 1989) consistently found a connection with the
adoption of new products and innovations (Klein, 1982[7]). Previous studies comparing different
national cultural dimensions of management practices
(Neman
and Noll, 1996), The degree of acceptance
of the technology (Thatcher et al., 2003; Hasan & Ditsa, 1999[8]) and technology transfer and innovation (Galliers,
Madon, & Rashid, 1998; Garfield & Watson, 1998[9]). Jansson et al. (2010; 2011) showed that moral norms as the main
problem of the agent arising from the environmental awareness of the individual,
have a strong positive impact on adoption intentions, especially environmental
goods, such as purchasing decisions Plug hybrid electric vehicles. Creditor
value Norma theory (VBNT) argues that moral norms strongly influence
the environmental awareness of the individual (stern 2000). Based on research (Heath and Gifford 2002[10],
Nordlund and Garvill 2003[11]), The relationship between the basic values
and intentions of behavior can have a positive impact on the potential
adopted parents in the purchase or use of ecological vehicles. In accordance
with VBNT, values, beliefs and behaviors of individuals, groups and
institutions, form the socio-cultural environment in a way that certain
decisions acceptable or not. These theories claim that the values, beliefs and behaviors of individuals,
groups and institutions shape the socio-cultural environment and strongly
influence the environmental consciousness of the individual (Stern 2000[12]), as well as the adoption of new
technologies and products.
Regardless of the importance of
understanding economics and culture in classical sociological theories, modern
approaches, especially those concentrating on the market and the stock market,
are different. The
research examines the inter-organizational culture based on the economic
principles of the theory of dynamics of a business model and influence on strategic
decisions makers. In
this chapter, the approach to the literature review and definition of the
hypothesis has been examined in terms of national culture and cultural
differences, which can significantly affect decision-makers on the acceptance
of new technologies and the purchase of high-tech products. Most
of the comparative works relied on the dimensions of Hofstede in comparing
cultures and is based on the assumption that there is a high degree of
homogeneity within nation-state, in contrast to large differences between
national states.
Anthropologist Tyler (1874[13]) defined the culture as a complex
collection of knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs, and any other
possibilities and habits acquired by a person as a person in society. Herbig and Dunphy (1998, p. 14[14]) emphasize
profound importance of culture for the adoption of innovative technologies when
they consider that “ existing cultural conditions determine whether, when, and
how it will adopt new innovations.“ If the
behavior of consumers to adopt new technology can monitor, then such
innovations can influence the improvement of the lines already established in
the culture, and the possibilities of acceptance become much larger. Kalish, Mahajan and Muller (1995) argue
that the potential adopters in the country's lacks respect for the introduction
and spread of technology in the country's leadership. Modeling the influence of
different national cultures on the spread of the same innovation in several
countries gives insight into the power of national differences on the rate of
adoption of innovations. If innovation is released in different countries at
different times, it is desirable to be able to use data from earlier adoption
countries by predicting expansion in countries that later adopt technologies
and products. The idea that the leadership associated with fertile
technological performance is not new and is already being used in social and
political sciences (Jung et al., 2008[15]; Krause,
2004[16]). Research assumption is that transformational
leadership significantly influences the population and citizens (Van Vugt et al., 2008, p. 182; Bennis, 2007). Testing the
relationship between leadership and innovation or the leader systems and
innovation can have a positive impact on the innovation processes and
innovative activities of economic agents (Howell and Avolio, 1993).
The following chapter examines the
available evidence of differences in the culture of innovation between
countries, providing an overview of the literature and hypothesis based on the
Hofstede multinational model of cultural dimensions.
[1] Taylor, Mark
Zachary. "Empirical evidence against varieties of capitalism's theory of
technological innovation." International Organization 58.3 (2004):
601-631.
[2] Taylor, Mark
Zachary. "Empirical evidence against varieties of capitalism's theory of
technological innovation." International Organization 58.3 (2004):
601-631.
[3] Leidner, Dorothy E., and Timothy Kayworth.
"A review of Culture and Information Systems Research: Toward a theory of
information technology culture conflict." MIS Quarterly 30.2 (2006):
357-399.
[4] Ajzen, Icek (1991). "The theory
of planned behavior". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes. 50(2): 179-211.doi:10.1016 / 0749-5978(91)90020-T.
[5] Galliers, Robert D., Shirin Madon, and
Rizwan Rashid. "Information systems and culture: Applying 'stages of
development growth'concepts this administration." Information Technology
for Development 8.2 (1998): 89-100.
[6] Garfield, MJ, and RT Watson. "The
impact of national culture on national information infrastructure."
Journal of Strategic Information Systems 6.4 (1998): 313-338.
[7] Klein, M., and AK Oppenheim.
"Influence of exothermicity on the shape of a diffusion flame."
Symposium (International) on Combustion. Vol. 19th No. 1st Elsevier, in 1982.
[8] Hasan, Helen and George Ditsa. "The
impact of culture on the adoption of IT: An interpretive study." Journal
of Global Information Management (JGIM) 7.1 (1999): 5-15.
[9] Garfield, MJ, and RT Watson. "The
impact of national culture on national information infrastructure."
Journal of Strategic Information Systems 6.4 (1998): 313-338.
[10] Heath, Yuko, and Robert Gifford.
"Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public
transportation." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32.10 (2002):
2154-2189.
[11] Nordlund, Annika M., and Jörgen Garvill.
"Effects of values, problem awareness, and personal norms on willingness
to reduce personal car use." Journal of Environmental Psychology 23.4
(2003): 339-347.
[12] Stern, Paul C.
"New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally
significant behavior." Journal of Social Studies 56.3 (2000): 407-424.
[13] Tyler, Ransom. "A Treatise on the Law
of Boundaries and Fences." (1874): 44th
[14] Herbig, Paul, and Steve Dunphy.
"Culture and innovation." Cross Cultural Management: An International
Journal 5.4 (1998): 13-21.
[15] Jung D., Wu A., Chow C. 2008.
“Towards understanding the direct and indirect effects of CEOs’
transformational leadership on firm innovation”, The Leadership Quarterly, vol.
19, pp. 582-594
[16] Krause D. E. 2004.
“Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and
of innovation
Slika X. Systems of governance sa vrstom izvršne vlasti u
2017. godini. (DOLE)
Spencer et al. (2005) generišu
četiri institucionalne vrste nacija: državni korporatist, društveni korporatist,
liberalni pluralist i državna nacija. U geopolitičkoj strukturi nacija tipologije
izvršne vlasti dele se na:
·
Monarhija je oblik izvršne vlasti U kojoj grupa, obično porodica koja se
zove dinastija , otelotvoruje nacionalni identitet zemlje, a
jedan od njegovih članova, koji se zove monarh , vrši ulogu suvereniteta.
·
Parlamentarna monarhija je država na čijem je čelu
monarh Koji nije aktivno uključen u formiranje politike
ili implementaciju, ali ima glavnu institucionalnu ulogu; Vladino rukovodstvo (formalno) vrši kabinet I njenom glavom - kao što je premijer , premijer, itd. - koji su izvučeni iz zakonodavstva (Parlament).
·
Mešovita izvršna vlast može biti parlamentarni
sistem vlasti: izvršna vlast vlade Ima direktnu ili indirektnu podršku parlamenta ( Glas povjerenja ) . Parlamentarni sistemi obično imaju šefa vlade I šef države. Šef vlade
je premijer, koji ima stvarnu moć.
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