EcoMobility

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eco-Mobility is a term used to describe travel through integrated, socially inclusive, and environmentally friendly transport options, including and integrating walking, cycling, wheeling, and passenging. By enabling citizens and organizations to access goods, services, and information in a sustainable manner, it supports citizens’ quality of life, increases travel choices, and promotes social cohesion.^[1]

It is neither a new kind of transportation nor is it a collective word to indicate heterogeneous transport. EcoMobility indicates a new approach to mobility that highlights the importance of public and non-motorized transport and promotes an integrated use of all modes in a city. Environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive, ecological mobile transport choices have low to no emission compared to the personal automobiles powered by fossil fuels. It supports the use of light electric vehicles, provided that the source of the electricity is from renewable energy sources. Incorporating Ecomobility into the development of traffic systems and policies will benefit local governments in attaining international recognition for the city and its leadership.

Hypermobility (travel)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hypermobile travelers are "highly mobile individuals" who take "frequent trips, often over great distances." They "account for a large share of the overall kilometres travelled, especially by air."^[1] These people contribute significantly to the overall amount of airmiles flown within a given society.^[2] Although concerns over hypermobility apply to several modes of transport, the environmental impact of aviation and especially its greenhouse gas emissions have brought particular focus on flying.^[3][4] Among the reasons for this focus is that these emissions, because they are made at high altitude, have a climate impact that is leveraged by a factor commonly estimated to be 2.7 higher than the same emissions if made at ground-level.^[5]

Although the amount of time people have spent in motion has remained constant since 1950, the shift from feet and bicycles to cars and planes has increased the speed of travel fivefold.^[6] This results in the twin effects of wider and shallower regions of social activity around each person (further exacerbated by electronic communication which can be seen as a form of virtual mobility), and a degradation of the social and physical environment brought about by the high speed traffic (as theorised by urban designer Donald Appleyard).

The changes are brought about locally due to the use of cars and motorways, and internationally by aeroplanes. Some of the social threats of hypermobility include:^[7]

• more polarisation between rich and poor
• reduced health and fitness

The addictive properties of hypermobile travel have been noted by researchers.^{[8][9][10][11][12]}

Widespread Internet use is seen as a contributory factor towards hypermobility due to the increased ease which it enables travel to be desired and organized.^[13] To the extent that the Internet perversely stimulates travel, it represents a lost opportunity to reduce overall emissions because online communication is a straightforward substitute for physical travel.^[14]

The term hypermobility arose around 1980 concerning the flow of capital,^[15] and since the early 1990s has also referred to excessive travel. [See: Hepworth and Ducatel (1992);^[16] Whitelegg (1993);^[17] Lowe (1994);^[18] van der Stoep (1995);^[19] Shields (1996);^[20] Cox (1997);^[21] Adams (1999);^[22] Khisty and Zeitler (2001);^[23] Gössling et al. (2009);^[1] Mander & Randles (2009);^[24] and (Higham 2014).^[8]] The term is widely credited as having been coined by Adams (1999), but apart from the title of the work it says nothing explicit about it except that "[t]he term hypermobility is used in this essay to suggest that it may be possible to have too much of a good thing."^[1][22]